Hukum Perdata vs Hukum Pidana: Apa Bedanya?


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## Hukum Perdata vs Hukum Pidana: Apa Bedanya?


Banyak orang sering bingung membedakan antara **hukum perdata** dan **hukum pidana**. Padahal keduanya adalah cabang hukum yang berbeda, baik dari segi aturan, tujuan, maupun akibat hukumnya. Yuk, kita bahas dengan sederhana.


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### 1. Dari Segi Definisi


* **Hukum Pidana** → mengatur perbuatan yang dilarang negara karena merugikan masyarakat, lengkap dengan ancaman hukuman bagi pelakunya.

* **Hukum Perdata** → mengatur hubungan antara individu dengan individu lain dalam urusan pribadi atau harta benda.


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### 2. Contoh Kasus


* **Pidana:** pencurian, pembunuhan, narkoba, penipuan → pelaku bisa dipenjara.

* **Perdata:** sengketa warisan, perceraian, hutang-piutang, wanprestasi kontrak → biasanya diselesaikan dengan ganti rugi atau perjanjian.


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### 3. Tujuan


* **Pidana:** memberi efek jera, melindungi masyarakat, menegakkan ketertiban umum.

* **Perdata:** melindungi hak pribadi, memberi keadilan antar individu, menyelesaikan sengketa agar adil bagi kedua pihak.


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### 4. Proses Perkara


* **Pidana:** dimulai dari laporan polisi → penyidikan → penuntutan oleh jaksa → persidangan di pengadilan pidana.

* **Perdata:** dimulai dari gugatan ke pengadilan → sidang perdata → putusan (misalnya ganti rugi, pembagian harta).


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### 5. Pihak yang Terlibat


* **Pidana:** pihak utama adalah negara (melalui jaksa) melawan terdakwa.

* **Perdata:** pihak yang bersengketa adalah individu atau badan hukum (misalnya A melawan B).


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### Kesimpulan


Singkatnya, **hukum pidana** mengatur perbuatan yang dianggap mengganggu ketertiban umum dan diberi sanksi tegas, sedangkan **hukum perdata** lebih fokus pada sengketa antar individu mengenai hak dan kewajiban.


Dengan memahami perbedaannya, kita bisa tahu kapan sebuah masalah masuk ke ranah perdata, dan kapan masuk ke ranah pidana.


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